Assessing existing infection prevention and control measures used by nurses in water-scarce healthcare in a global setting: A scoping review

Abstract

Background: Water service in primary healthcare clinics is nearly impossible, especially in remote areas, because of poor infrastructure and ineffective municipal service delivery compliance. The health risk to patient care and safety makes basic cleanliness and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in primary healthcare clinics difficult.
Aim: This study mapped and synthesised the existing Infection Prevention and Control measures used by nurses in water-scarce healthcare facilities in a global setting.
Method: A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases: EBSCOhost, Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE EBSCO Web of Science. Each database search employed algorithm-specific strategies and combinations. Eligible studies were those addressing IPC measures in water-scarce healthcare settings, published in English, between 2020 and 2025, and with accessible full text. Data were extracted using manual tables and thematically analysed.
Results: This review identified 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria from South Asian and African countries. This review employed a descriptive qualitative methodology using thematic analysis to determine and describe the main themes that emerged from the research findings. Four themes emerged: Social behavioural strategies, good governance systems, incorporating digital and technology in healthcare systems and community participation approaches.
Conclusion: This scoping review indicates that water scarcity challenges the IPC standards in healthcare facilities, adversely affecting basic hygiene practices, sanitation and overall cleanliness.
Contribution: Its findings serve as a valuable resource for nurses, stakeholders, and policymakers working to improve IPC measures in primary healthcare clinics experiencing water scarcity.