About the Author(s)


Stephen Nanbur Email symbol
Department of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

Clement K. Dongurum symbol
Department of Geography and Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

Godwin Achema symbol
Department of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

Emmanuel Andy symbol
Community Education Unit, Queensland Ambulance Services, Queensland, Australia

Sopen Chunuan symbol
Department of Maternal Newborn Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand

Kumzhi P. Ringkat symbol
Department of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

Kenai A. Nanchak symbol
Department of Nursing, Plateau State College of Nursing Sciences, Vom, Jos, Nigeria

Nanvyat Nannim symbol
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

Citation


Nanbur S, Dongurum CK, Achema G, et al. Effect of a structured teaching programme on mothers’ knowledge and utilisation of oral rehydration solution. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2025;17(1), a4717. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4717

Original Research

Effect of a structured teaching programme on mothers’ knowledge and utilisation of oral rehydration solution

Stephen Nanbur, Clement K. Dongurum, Godwin Achema, Emmanuel Andy, Sopen Chunuan, Kumzhi P. Ringkat, Kenai A. Nanchak, Nanvyat Nannim

Received: 13 Aug. 2024; Accepted: 10 Feb. 2025; Published: 30 May 2025

Copyright: © 2025. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background: Childhood diarrhoea is a major health problem in developing countries.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a structured teaching programme on mothers’ knowledge and use of oral rehydration solution in the treatment of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age.

Setting: The study was conducted at Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was used, based on a pre- and post-test with one group. Seventy mothers of children under 5 years of age suffering from diarrhoea were recruited as subjects. However, two withdrew, resulting in a response rate of 97.1%. Data were collected by administering a pretest to the respondents and a post-test after a 3-h structured teaching programme on the preparation and utilisation of oral rehydration solution in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Results: The t-test analysis revealed that the mean knowledge and utilisation of oral rehydration solution in the treatment of diarrhoea significantly increased, with paired t-values of 3.528 (p = 0.001) and 20.382 (p < 0.001) respectively.

Conclusion: We concluded that the structured teaching programme significantly improved mothers’ knowledge and utilisation of oral rehydration solution in the management of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age at Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital, Jos.

Contribution: Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that policy makers should develop programmes that support education campaigns on oral rehydration therapy among family caregivers, especially in rural areas with poor access to health care.

Keywords: childhood diarrhoea; knowledge; oral rehydration solution; structured teaching programme; utilisation.

Introduction

Worldwide, diarrhoea is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age.1 Most diarrhoea-related deaths occur in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Pakistan and India.1,2,3 In Nigeria, several vulnerable children die from diarrhoeal diseases. Peter and Umar,4 reported a prevalence rate of 20% in children under 5 years of age in Nigeria. Children in the north of Nigeria are at higher risk compared to the southern part of the country.5,6 In addition, recent evidence suggests that diarrhoea is still a major public health problem among children in Plateau State, Nigeria.7 The annual incidence of diarrhoea in children aged under 5 years in Plateau State between 2013 and 2017 ranged between 13% and 24%.6 The proportion of children under 5 years of age diagnosed with diarrhoeal disease at Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital, Jos, had also increased in the previous 4 years from 23% to 26.6% based on unpublished internal data.

Diarrhoea refers to the passage of three or more loose stools within 24 h.8,9 It can be brought about by a range of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens and can spread from person to person because of unhygienic habits or tainted food or water.10,11 Diarrhoea can be transmitted by contaminated water and food, unwashed hands and feeding utensils such as bottles and teats.12,13 The cycle begins when the infectious agent multiplies in the food medium. Subsequently, humans get infected upon ingestion of the contaminated food.11 Risk factors include unhygienic practices such as open defecation and sourcing water from the river or well.14,15,16 Childhood diarrhoea can be managed by fluid replacement.17

Oral rehydration therapy has been the major treatment regimen for diarrhoea since its invention in 1970s.4,18 The treatment package is centred around fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.19,20 Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is made by mixing specific amounts of chloride, sodium, glucose, potassium, and alkali (bicarbonate or citrate) with portable water, as directed by the manufacturer.21 All forms of dehydration can be effectively managed with oral rehydration therapy, using the World Health Organization (WHO) formula.22,23 Because of its exceptional efficacy in managing diarrhoea, it has made a significant contribution to the decrease in paediatric diarrhoeal disease case fatality rate.23,24,25,26 Despite the proven efficacy of ORS, its utilisation by family caregivers in the tropics is still subnormal.27

Family engagement in health education is essential to improve knowledge and utilisation of ORS.28 As primary caregivers, mothers play a significant role in managing diarrhoea in children under five.29 Therefore, enhancing their understanding of ORS, and its utilisation, can significantly impact health outcomes.22,30

Structured teaching programmes have been shown to effectively increase knowledge and change behaviours regarding health practices.31 Research indicates that educational interventions tailored to the needs of mothers can lead to improved health literacy and better health-seeking behaviours. Structured educational interventions have significantly enhanced mothers’ knowledge and practices related to ORS utilisation in managing childhood diarrhoea.32,33,34 Furthermore, a systematic review highlighted the effectiveness of educational programmes in promoting the use of ORS among caregivers, suggesting that such interventions can lead to increased utilisation and improved health outcomes for children.28

The increasing burden of diarrhoeal disease suggests the need for more intensive intervention research to reduce the mortality rate from diarrhoeal disease in Plateau State. However, few descriptive surveys have been published on the knowledge and utilisation of ORS in Plateau State. To our knowledge, there is no published intervention study supporting the use of oral rehydration therapy in the treatment of diarrhoeal disease in Plateau State. Against this background, our study investigated the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on maternal knowledge and utilisation of ORS in the treatment of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age at Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital, Jos, Plateau State. By evaluating the impact of this educational intervention, we were able to contribute to the evidence base that supports family engagement in paediatric healthcare to improve the management of diarrhoea in vulnerable populations.

Research methods and design

Research hypothesis
  • There is a significant difference between the mothers’ pre-test and post-test mean knowledge scores on ORS.
  • There is a significant difference between the mothers’ pre-test and post-test mean competency scores on utilisation of ORS in the treatment of diarrhoea.
Design

This was a quasi-experimental study with a one-group pre-test and post-test design.

Setting

The study was conducted at the Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital. The facility is a private medical centre in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. It is registered with the Nigerian Corporate Affairs Commission and licenced by the Plateau State Ministry of Health for the provision of medical and maternity services at secondary healthcare level.

Study population and sampling technique

The target population comprised mothers of children under five with diarrhoea at Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital during the period of the study. Based on Taro Yamane’s formula for determining sample size,35,36 70 mothers were selected, using the consecutive sampling method.37 Two respondents withdrew from the study; hence, the response rate was 97.1%.

Intervention

The intervention was a structured teaching programme developed by the researchers using the WHO guidelines for the preparation and utilisation of ORS.38

Data collection

The instruments for data collection included a self-administered questionnaire and a checklist, which were developed by the investigator. The questionnaire was designed to assess the level of knowledge about ORS. It consisted of nine items, with a score for each item, totalling nine points. The 14-item checklist was developed to measure respondents’ ability to prepare and administer ORS to children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea. A total of 14 points were allocated for the checklist (1 point for each item). Respondents who scored less than 50% were categorised as having insufficient knowledge and incompetent users of ORS. Those who scored 50% and above met the criteria for sufficient knowledge and competent users.

The instruments were validated by six research and education experts. The scale content validity index for the questionnaire and checklist were 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Data were collected by administering a pre-test to respondents followed by a 3-h structured teaching programme on the preparation and utilisation of ORS in managing childhood diarrhoea in English with translations in Hausa for mothers who did not understand English. The post-test was conducted immediately after the intervention.

Data analysis

The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 26. Descriptive statistics such as: frequency table, mean and standard deviation were used to analyse the demographic data. While the paired t-test was computed to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

Ethical consideration

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Jos University Teaching Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee (No. JUTH/DCS/IREC/127/XXXI/2695). Informed verbal consent was also obtained from each participant. Data privacy and confidentiality were ensured by using identification codes instead of participants’ names. The data were stored on a password-protected computer belonging to the author.

Results

In Table 1, the descriptive result of the study shows that 58.8% of the participants were married and 38.2% were single mothers. Over 44% of mothers were between the ages of 20 and 29 years and 38.2% were between the ages of 30 and 39 years. The majority (76.5%) of the mothers reported they were Christians. Participants who had tertiary education accounted for 41.2% and 38.2% completed Secondary School. More than half (51.5%) worked full-time in business, while only 7.4% and 5.9% were housewives and civil servants, respectively. Almost all (92.6%) of the participants earned less than N100 000 (< $60) monthly, while a smaller proportion (7.4%) reported earning between N100 000 and N199 000 ($60 to $120) monthly. More than four in ten (42.6%) of respondents used sachet water, while about one-quarter (32.4%) sourced water from boreholes. Only 5.9% of respondents used bottled water and river and/or stream water. As shown in Table 2, it was found that mothers’ mean knowledge of ORS increased significantly after the intervention (t = 3.528, p = 0.001). The mean score for the utilisation of ORS also increased significantly after the intervention (t = 20.38, p < 0.001).

TABLE 1: Socio-Demographic characteristics of mothers of children under-five.
TABLE 2: Paired ‘t’ test results on the relationship between pre-test and post-test knowledge and utilisation of ORS in managing childhood diarrhoea (N = 68).

Discussion

Close to half of the respondents (44.1%) were between ages 20 and 29 years (Mean, 31.8 ± 7.7). This corresponds to the findings of earlier studies conducted in Jos Nigeria,22 Pakistan,39 India40 and Ethiopia.41,42 Most of the respondents were literate as 54 (79.4%) completed at least high (secondary) school. This agrees with the findings of Kalsoom et al.,39 but contrasts with the findings of other studies.32,43 Most respondents were married. Wubetu et al.,41 also found that most mothers of children under 5 years were married. Almost all the mothers belonged to the low socioeconomic class (earning < 60 USD monthly). Similarly, Sunanda et al.,32 found that most mothers of children under the age of five belonged to the lower socio-economic class. In contrast, a study reported that most mothers were in the middle socio-economic class.39 Most women were engaged in businesses while only a few were housewives and public servants. However, other studies reported that most mothers were housewives39,44; while others did not mention the occupation of participants.22,45

Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that the mean knowledge score of mothers improved significantly from 5.79 to 7.63 after the structured teaching programme. Similarly, there was a significant improvement of the mean score of ORS utilisation after the intervention. This implies that the structured teaching programme was effective in enhancing mothers’ knowledge and utilisation of ORS in managing childhood diarrhoea. This finding corresponds with the reports of other studies in Nigeria,29,46 India32,40 and Egypt.44

The link between structured teaching programme and improvement in knowledge, which leads to increased utilisation is often supported by statistical analyses.32,47 Paired t-tests and Chi-square tests are commonly employed to assess relationship between knowledge and utilisation of ORS. These analyses consistently show that educational interventions lead to significant increase in knowledge and utilisation of ORS.29,48,49 By increasing knowledge and understanding of ORS, structured teaching programme contribute to better management of diarrhoea and reduce the incidence of dehydration in children.48,50,51 Although most studies support the connection between ORS preparation expertise and its application in the treatment of diarrhoea,22,52 it is important to note that a recent study reported an insignificant association between knowledge and utilisation of ORS in managing childhood diarrhoea.53

Nursing implication

Nurses and midwives can utilise the structured teaching programme to improve mothers’ knowledge and awareness regarding the prevention and home management of diarrhoea in under-five children. This can lead to increased utilisation of ORS by mothers in managing childhood diarrhoea, which is crucial because oral rehydration therapy has been recognised as a cost-effective and life-saving intervention in diarrhoea management.

Strengths and limitations of the study

One group was used in the study, which made data collection simple, easy, precise and inexpensive. However, the evidence for a cause–effect relationship is weak as the study does not have a control group for comparison. Future researchers could therefore include a control group in their studies to rule out the influence of extraneous variables on the outcome of the intervention.

Conclusion

The educational intervention significantly improved the knowledge and utilisation of ORS in managing childhood diarrhoea among mothers of children under-five years at the Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital, Jos. This study stands out as a pioneer intervention aimed at enhancing the knowledge and practice of oral rehydration therapy in managing childhood diarrhoea in Plateau state, Nigeria. Stakeholders can leverage on the result of this study to develop policies that support structured teaching programme on oral rehydration therapy among family caregivers most especially in the rural areas where there is poor access to healthcare.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the staff of Life-changing Eudaimonia Hospital and the Good Shepherd Health and Welfare Foundation for their support during the data-collection phase of the study.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.

Authors’ contributions

S.N. was involved in the research from conceptualisation to the final stage of the research. All authors (S.N., C.K.D., G.A., E.A., S.C., K.P.R., K.A.N., N.N.) contributed significantly in the study.

Funding information

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author, S.N.

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and are the product of professional research. It does not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated institution, funder, agency or that of the publisher. The authors are responsible for this article’s results, findings and content.

References

  1. Moraga P, Global burden of disease. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1151–1210.
  2. United Nations International Children Emergency Fund. Pneumonia and diarrhoea: Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world’s poorest children. New York: UNICEF; 2013.
  3. Rego R, Watson S, Gill P, Lilford R. The impact of diarrhoea measurement methods for under 5s in low-and middle-income countries on estimated diarrhoea rates at the population level: A systematic review and meta-analysis of methodological and primary empirical studies. Trop Med Int Health. 2022;27(4):347–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13739
  4. Peter AK, Umar U. Combating diarrhoea in Nigeria: The way forward. J Microbiol Exp. 2018;6(4):191–197. https://doi.org/10.15406/jmen.2018.06.00213
  5. Mohammed S, Tamiru D. The burden of diarrheal diseases among children under five years of age in Arba Minch District, southern Ethiopia, and associated risk factors: A cross-sectional study. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014;2014:654901. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/654901
  6. Jiwok JC, Adebowale AS, Wilson I, Kancherla V, Umeokonkwo CD. Patterns of diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in Plateau State, Nigeria, 2013–2017. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12110-y
  7. Uchejeso O. Prevalence of amoebiasis and other intestinal parasites among children attending plateau state specialist hospital Jos, Nigeria. ECronicon. 2022;9:1–7.
  8. Kelly L, Jenkins H, Whyte L. Pathophysiology of diarrhoea. Paediatr Child Health. 2018;28(11):520–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2018.09.002
  9. World Health Organization. Diarrhoea fact sheet. Velore: Communitymedicine4all; 2017.
  10. Girmay AM, Gari SR, Alemu BM, Evans MR, Gebremariam AG. Diarrheal disease and associated behavioural factors among food handlers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIMS Public Health. 2020;7(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2020010
  11. Cheson D. Food and waterborne illnesses. In: Encyclopedia of microbiology. Oxford: Elsevier; 2009, p. 365.
  12. Shati AA, Khalil SN, Asiri KA, et al. Occurrence of diarrhea and feeding practices among children below two years of age in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2020;17(3):722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030722
  13. Webb C, Cabada MM. A review on prevention interventions to decrease diarrheal diseases’ burden in children. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2018;5:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-018-0134-x
  14. Majorin F, Torondel B, Chan GKS, Clasen T. Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2019;2019(9):CD011055. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011055.pub2
  15. Stürchler D. Infections transmitted via the faecal–oral route: A simple score for a global risk map. J Travel Med. 2023;30(6):taad069. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taad069
  16. Vila Guilera J. A holistic exploration of risk factors and transmission pathways to enteric infections in infants. A case study in rural tribal Rajasthan, India. BMC Public Health. 2021.
  17. Anigilaje EA. Management of diarrhoeal dehydration in childhood: A review for clinicians in developing countries. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00028
  18. Pascual M, Rodó X, Ellner SP, Colwell R, Bouma MJ. Cholera dynamics and El Nino-southern oscillation. Science. 2000;289(5485):1766–1769. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1766
  19. Riaz N, Muntaha ST, Qibtia M, Sohail S. Use of Zinc and ORS in home management of diarrhea: Knowledge of mothers attending a tertiary care hospital. J Islamabad Med Dent Coll. 2019;8(3):135–140. https://doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v8i3.419
  20. Binder HJ. Development and pathophysiology of oral rehydration therapy for the treatment for diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(2):349–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05881-3
  21. Nalin DR. The history of intravenous and oral rehydration and maintenance therapy of cholera and non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas: A deconstruction of translational medicine: From bench to bedside?. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(3):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7030050
  22. Bello DA, Afolaranmi TO, Hassan ZI, et al. Knowledge and use of oral rehydration solution in the home management of diarrhea among mothers of under fives in Jos, Plateau State Int J Biomed Res. 2017.
  23. Zieg J, Narla D, Gonsorcikova L, Raina R. Fluid management in children with volume depletion. Pediatr Nephrol. 2024;39(2):423–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-06080-z
  24. Efunshile AM, Ezeanosike O, Onyekachi ONI, Ugwu MI, König B, Robertson LJ. Apparent absence of infections among children under 5-years of age with acute watery diarrhoea in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818003151
  25. Choudhary TS, Sinha B, Khera A, et al. Factors associated with the decline in under-five diarrhea mortality in India: A LiST analysis. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020806. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020806
  26. Black R, Fontaine O, Lamberti L, et al. Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980–2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020801. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020801
  27. Abolurin OO, Olaleye AO, Adekoya AO. Addressing the sub-optimal use of oral rehydration solution for childhood diarrhoea in the tropics: Findings from a rural setting in Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2021;67(1):fmaa071. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa071
  28. Ezezika O, Ragunathan A, El-Bakri Y, Barrett K. Barriers and facilitators to implementation of oral rehydration therapy in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249638
  29. Momoh FE, Olufela OE, Adejimi AA, et al. Mothers’ knowledge, attitude and home management of diarrhoea among children under five years old in Lagos, Nigeria. Afri J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2022;14(1):3119. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3119
  30. Dujaili JA, Blebil AQ, Jayasinghe D, Sivanandan N. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers on the use of oral rehydration salts in children with diarrhoea: A cross-sectional survey in Malaysia. J Pharm Pract Res. 2021;51(4):321–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1696
  31. Careau E, Biba G, Brander R, et al. Health leadership education programs, best practices, and impact on learners’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors and system change: A literature review. J Healthc Leadersh. 2014;6:39–50. https://doi.org/10.2147/JHL.S61127
  32. Sunanda G, Ramaiah D, Sadiq MMJ, Narayana G. Impact of structured educational program on maternal knowledge, attitude, and practice toward diarrhea management in children< 5 years age in Anantapur District. Chrismed J Health Res. 2017;4(3):186–193. https://doi.org/10.4103/cjhr.cjhr_121_16
  33. Qureshi F. A pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding prevention and management of diarrohea among mothers of under five year children in selected community areas at Moradabad. Int J Adv Sci Res. 2018;3(2):25–30.
  34. Sarada T, Subhavelvizhi S. A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhea among the mothers of under five children. Int Res J Engineering Technol. 2019;6:977–982.
  35. Yamane T. Statistics: An introductory analysis. Harper and Row: New York; 1973.
  36. Umar AM, Wachiko B. Tara Yamane (1967), Taro Yamane method for sample size calculation. The survey causes of mathematics anxiety among secondary school students in Minna Metropolis. Math Assoc Nigeria. 2021;46(1):188.
  37. Taherdoost H. Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research. Int J Acad Res Manage. 2016;5:18–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035
  38. World Health Organization. Oral rehydration salts: Production of the new ORS. World Health Organization; 2006.
  39. Kalsoom U, Amjad T, Bairam S. Assessment of knowledge about diarrhoea and its home management in mothers of under five year children attending a tertiary care hospital: Home management of diarrhoea. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2018;68(3):550–555.
  40. Prakash U, Banappagoudar S. Effectiveness of health education on knowledge regarding prevention and management of diarrhea among mothers of under-five children in the selected rural area of Jhansi – A cross-sectional human study. Uttar Pradesh J Zool. 2021;42(24):222–228.
  41. Wubetu AD, Engda AS, Yigzaw HB, Mulu GB. Oral rehydration therapy utilization and associated factors among children with diarrhea in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2020. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2021;12:251–258. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S312460
  42. Habib HSA. Role of fluid resuscitation and supportive management of diarrhea. Asian J Pediatr Res. 2023;13(4):51–57. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajpr/2023/v13i4290
  43. Yüksel Kaçan C, Palloş A, Özkaya G. Examining knowledge and traditional practices of mothers with children under five in Turkey on diarrhoea according to education levels. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):674–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2044508
  44. Abdel-Aziz SB, Mowafy MA, Galal YS. Assessing the impact of a community-based health and nutrition education on the management of diarrhea in an urban district, Cairo, Egypt. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(2):46. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n2p46
  45. Salmanuddin, Shah I, Arif S, Ilyas A. Mother’s knowledge and attitude associated with diarrhea in an Urban area in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Innovative Res Develop. 2015;4(5):2278–0211.
  46. Emea MK, Lawal SA. Effect of health education intervention on diarrhea prevention practices among mothers of under-5 children in Abia State, Nigeria. Int J Public Health Pharm Pharmacol. 2023;8(2):28–43. https://doi.org/10.37745/ijphpp.15/vol8n22843
  47. Pasi R, Ravi KS. Impact of educational programme regarding ORS therapy on the level of knowledge of mothers aged 18–35 years of under 5-year children. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2021;10(8):2834–2838. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2403_20
  48. Kasaram S. A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on home care management of diarrhoea and dehydration among mothers of children in selected areas. Int J Nurs Educ Res. 2024;12(2):102–106. https://doi.org/10.52711/2454-2660.2024.00022
  49. Kelly MM. National perspective of health outcomes of 8-to 11-year-old children born prematurely and their full-term peers. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016;31(4):422–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.01.005
  50. Ndou A. Factors contributing to the development of dehydration among under five years children with diarrhoea in Thulamela B. Clinics, Vhembe District; 2020.
  51. Onwukwe S, Van Deventer C, Omole O. Evaluation of the use of oral rehydration therapy in the management of diarrhoea among children under 5: Knowledge attitudes and practices of mothers/caregivers. S Afr Fam Pract. 2016;58(2):42–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2015.1120933
  52. Yusuf A, Junaidu A, Abubakar M. Assessment of knowledge and usage of oral rehydration therapy in management of childhood diarrhea among mothers of Kambaza town, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Saudi J Biomed Res. 2022;7(11):315–321. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjbr.2022.v07i11.007
  53. Ngechu JN, Okeyo HO, Ongeso A, Wanyoike PK, Atitwa E. Socio-demographic factors and knowledge influencing associated with ORS use for diarrhoea in children at Miathene Sublocation, Meru County. Kenya: University of Embu Institutional Repository; 2020.


Crossref Citations

No related citations found.