Abstract
This short report describes the role that family physicians (FPs) (and family medicine registrars) played to provide care for the homeless people in shelters (both temporary and permanent) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. The lockdown resulted in the establishment of a large number of temporary shelters. The FPs took on the task to provide comprehensive and coordinated primary care, whilst extending their activities in terms of data management, quality improvement, capacity building and research. The FPs worked in teams with other healthcare providers and contributed a unique set of skills to the process. This report demonstrates the value of responding quickly and appropriately through communication, cooperation and innovation. It also demonstrates the large number of areas in which FPs can make a difference when engaged appropriately, with the necessary support and collaboration, thus making a positive impact in the already overburdened health services.
Keywords: family physicians; homeless population; homeless shelter; research report; health services; COVID-19; lockdown; Tshwane District.
Background
When the South African President announced the initial lockdown at the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa (SA), he stated that ‘temporary shelters that meet the necessary hygiene standards will be identified for homeless people’.1 However, there was no clear strategic plan, and it was implied that provincial and local governments would be responsible for the implementation of the plan. With the historical failure in the City of Tshwane (CoT) to address homelessness, the lack of dedicated budgets for implementing the Street Homelessness policy for the CoT,2 led initially to sporadic responses by the local government, which became more coordinated during the weeks that followed.3,4 This failure is detailed, with the extent of the issue, in two reports– Pathways out of Homelessness: Research Report 20155 and Homelessness and COVID-19 in the CoT: Research report 2021.3 The 2015 report resulted from a transdisciplinary research project with over 40 researchers from various disciplines and universities, as well as practitioners and people with lived experiences of being homeless. It found that there were 6244 homeless persons in the CoT, which led to the 2019 CoT Street Homelessness policy. The 2021 report details the efforts towards addressing homelessness during COVID-19 lockdown in the CoT (April–August 2020). It describes the collaboration between more than 24 organisations and institutions to develop 1800 new bed spaces, ensuring access to healthcare for the homeless. It also highlights the use of technology and effective communication.
The Department of Family Medicine (DFM) at University of Pretoria has had a strong presence in communities around the CoT for a few years already, working closely with the district healthcare services. One of its notable achievements is the formation of the Community Oriented Primary Care Research Unit (COPC RU),6 which was established in 2016 to create a service learning research platform. The Unit has established university-run clinics in Daspoort as well as in the informal settlements of Melusi, Zamazama (west of Pretoria) and Woodlane (east of Pretoria). These clinics aspire to offer services to the whole population that (1) are coordinated for effective, equitable quality healthcare delivery; (2) are patient-centred and delivered from the home, street, clinic or general practice to the hospital and back again; and (3) include an academic platform to support an apprenticeship model of education, workplace learning, research, monitoring and evaluation – supported by modern technology. It was against this background that the Gauteng Department of Health (GDH) and the CoT approached the DFM to assist with health interventions during the COVID-19 lockdown. It was an opportune time for the DFM to become more innovative, as Tshwane District Hospital had been converted to a COVID-19 hospital and the registrars needed alternative placement for their professional growth. The DFM rolled out health interventions to include homeless shelters and managed the coordination of healthcare for residents, with support from the GDH and other partners.
Family medicine
The clinical specialty of Family Medicine is patient-centred, evidence based, family-focused, and problem-oriented.7 It emphasises the relationship with the patient and seeing the person as a whole, in the context of their family (next of kin or relevant others) and their wider community.8 The location of family physicians (FPs) in the African continent varies from tertiary hospitals (Nigeria) to health districts as part of district clinical specialist teams, district hospitals or in primary care (SA).9 We interpret these settings as care in the home, clinic or hospital and includes homeless people where the home is the street or a shelter.10
Focus
This short report focuses on the role played by FPs (and family medicine registrars) in providing healthcare for the sheltered homeless people during the first 6 months (April 2020 to September 2020) of the COVID-19 lockdown11 in the CoT. It examines how FPs responded with agility to the unprecedented chaotic situation. Furthermore, it describes the health interventions implemented by the DFM and how the roles of the FPs extended to communication, collaboration and innovation.12 It also highlights FPs’ roles in capacity building, community-based care, person-centred care, continuity of care, linkage to care and multi-disciplinary teams. In providing clinical care, FPs also worked with clinical associates who are part of the Community Oriented Substance Use Programme (COSUP).13
The relevance of this report is that it examines the roles that can be played by FPs during public health crises, and highlights the importance of their role within community-based multidisciplinary teams.
Context
The interventions are located geographically in the CoT, Gauteng, SA, which is within the health district of Tshwane. The timeline of the report is the first 6 months of the COVID-19 lockdown. Family physician-led multidisciplinary teams rolled out healthcare interventions in both permanent and temporary shelters (totalling 25) managed by various stakeholders, and extended these interventions to other settings, such as primary health care (PHC) clinics and buildings, used by the homeless.
Roles played by family physicians
Table 1 shows the thematic or operational areas in which FPs played a role in providing healthcare services for sheltered homeless populations during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in the Tshwane district.
TABLE 1: Thematic or operational areas of the roles played by family physicians. |
Strengthening primary care and district healthcare services
The DFM, through the COPC RU’s programmes such as COSUP,14 has been providing healthcare services to homeless people on the street for 5 years. The establishment of new shelters and the influx of additional homeless people to the existing shelters were an opportunity to provide integrated healthcare to homeless populations, rather than expecting that they would come to healthcare facilities.
The initiative provided integrated healthcare for people in their context. Although the care was provided in crowded, noisy settings, it was an appropriate service for the residents to get a comprehensive and integrated care, tailored to their identified needs. Family physicians moved beyond their comfort zones and learnt a number of skills which were not usual for their workplace4 (Table 1). This disruption provided an opportunity in strengthening the district healthcare services that were stretched to the limit at that time, both by the high numbers of sick people needing care simultaneously and by an unusually high number of ‘captive’ populations needing care.
The high ‘captive’ population situation was a result of street people, normally lost to the system, gathering at the many shelters. An opportunity arose to collect data and gain deeper understanding of the health needs of homeless people. An unprecedented number of substance users were initiated on opioid substitution therapy.18 Moreover, others got weaned off harmful substance use, either because of not finding suitable alternatives to their usual substances or embracing lifestyle changes through other services offered.
The homeless were screened and assessed for various conditions, and initiated or reinitiated on treatment, a move that increased access to healthcare in the district for that group. Technology utilisation improved in the district health system, as FPs interacted mainly via Zoom, telemedicine and Vula Mobile application16 to exchange information, and had to learn fast how to compile data and use data collection tools, which was previously unfamiliar.
Impact of the family physician-led activities
The impact of FPs’ activities in providing healthcare services to the sheltered homeless populations during the COVID-19 lockdown in Tshwane district can be considered according to six previously defined roles: care provider, consultant, clinical trainer, leader of clinical governance, champion of community-orientated primary care and capacity builder.19 Table 1 lists the operational areas in which FPs played a leading role and made a significant impact in healthcare services. It demonstrates how FPs went beyond their roles expected in SA’s health system. The unique contributions of FPs to the teams were the following: initiation of medication for acute and chronic diseases identified; telemedicine consultations; care coordination across shelters and facilities; development of district-wide standard clinical approaches to contain COVID-19; screening for diseases and harmful substance use, as well as screening, swabbing and linkage to care for COVID-19; collection of clinical data and training of data capturers for appropriate data collection and cleaning; using the Vula application for specialist referrals; undertaking a quality improvement project, as well as training shelter managers on COVID-19 protocols.
Table 2 illustrates the impact made by one team of FPs providing services in a particular shelter over three of the 6-month period. By caring for the homeless people outside of the primary care facilities, they also reduced the workload of these facilities. It shows the numbers attended to daily through the different alert levels. It also illustrates early detection of diseases, initiation and continuity of clinical care and linkage to health services. The pandemic peaked during alert level 3 lockdown,11 which started in June, whilst the DFM continued service delivery. As numbers declined from July, some residents voluntarily left the shelters whilst those remaining were gradually transferred to permanent shelters.
TABLE 2: Family physician activities at one homeless shelter – April to June 2020. |
Conclusion
As lead clinicians in primary care, FPs can adapt to emergency situations and play a role beyond what is normally expected of them within district healthcare services in South Africa. The disruption resulting from the first 6 months of the COVID-19 lockdown in the country presented an opportunity for the FPs to go beyond their normal clinical roles by immersing themselves into additional activities, including data management, research and effective utilisation of technology. Family physicians also played an extended role in capacity building as a result of this initiative, which included training on the wearing of masks, proper hand washing, and training on COVID-19 swabbing for nurses and clinical associates. Begun and Jiang12 suggest that an appropriate response during the COVID-19 pandemic is to ‘emphasise communication, collaboration, and innovation’, as well as building connections, at great speed. The responses from FPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, as highlighted in this report, were therefore appropriate.
Acknowledgements
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors’ contributions
E.N.M.-M., W.R., J.F.H. and P.S.G. contributed towards different stages of the article up to finalisation.
Ethical considerations
Ethical approval to conduct the study was received from the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee, University of Pretoria (310/2020).
Funding information
The project was part-funded from funds awarded to the University of Pretoria by Leeds University (reference – Covid Leeds: Project 1).
Data availability
Raw datasets used for this report are available within the Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria.
Disclaimer
The views and opinions expressed in this research article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agency of the authors.
References
- Ramaphosa C. Statement by President Cyril Ramaphosa on escalation of measures to combat the Covid-19 epidemic. The Presidency [newspaper online]. 2020 Mar 24 [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from: http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/statement-president-cyril-ramaphosa-escalation-measures-combat-covid-19-epidemic%2C-union
- City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Street homelessness policy for the City of Tshwane. City of Tshwane: City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality; 2019.
- De Beer S, Hugo J, editors. Homelessness and COVID-19 in the City of Tshwane: Research report 2021. Pretoria: Unit for Street Homelessness, University of Pretoria; 2021.
- Marcus TS, Heese J, Scheibe A, Shelly S, Lalla SX, Hugo JF. Harm reduction in an emergency response to homelessness during South Africa’s COVID-19 lockdown. Harm Reduct J. 2020;17(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00404-0
- De Beer S, Vally R, editors. Pathways out of homelessness: Research report 2015 [homepage on the Internet]. Pretoria: University of Pretoria; 2015. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0mrBCQMTZrFUVZldlhUWlBEN0E/view
- UP COPC Research Unit. UP Community-Orientated Primary Care Research Unit (UP COPC) [homepage on the Internet]. University of Pretoria; [cited 2021 May 19]. Available from: https://www.up.ac.za/faculty-of-health-sciences-research/article/2714039/up-community-orientated-primary-care-research-unit-up-copc
- Phillips WR, Haynes DG. The domain of family practice: Scope, role, and function. Fam Med. 2001;33(4):273–277.
- Jamoulle M, Resnick M, Vander SR, Ittoo A, Cardillo E, Vanmeerbeek M. Analysis of definitions of general practice, family medicine, and primary health care: A terminological analysis. BJGP Open. 2017;1(3):1–8. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen17X101049
- Flinkenflögel M, Sethlare V, Cubaka VK, Makasa M, Guyse A, De Maeseneer J. A scoping review on family medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: Practice, positioning and impact in African health care systems. Hum Resour Health. 2020;18(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-0455-4
- Heese J, Renkin W, Van den Berg K, Hugo J. A practical guide to providing health services to homeless persons using community-orientated primary care (COPC) [in review]. In: De Beer S, Vally R, editors. Facing homelessness: Finding inclusionary, collaborative solutions. Cape Town: AOSIS; (Unpublished).
- South African Government. About alert system [homepage on the Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 May 17]. Available from: https://www.gov.za/covid-19/about/about-alert-system#
- Begun JW, Jiang HJ. Health care management during COVID-19: Insights from complexity science. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2020;1(5):1–12.
- Scheibe A, Shelly S, Hugo J, et al. Harm reduction in practice – The community oriented substance use programme in Tshwane. Afr J Prim Heal Care Fam Med. 2020;12(1):a2285. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2285
- Qualtrics. Qualtrics is a survey tool that is web-based [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 May 24]. Available from: https://www.qualtrics.com/
- Phulukisa. Phulukisa is a patient e-health records application [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 May 24]. Available from: https://phulukisa.co.za/
- Vula Mobile. Vula Mobile is an electronic referral platform [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 May 24]. Available from: https://www.vulamobile.com/
- #MpiloApp. Mpilo app is a digital platform of the Gauteng Department of Health to streamline communication between patients and the public healthcare system/ providers [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 May 24]. Available from: https://twitter.com/hashtag/MpiloApp?src=hashtag_click
- Scheibe A, Gloeck N, Madela-Mntla E, et al. Towards long-term partnerships and integrated solutions to address the intersections between health, substance use and homelessness in Tshwane during the COVID19 pandemic [in review]. S Afri Heal Rev. (Unpublished).
- Von Pressentin KB, Mash RJ, Baldwin-Ragaven L, et al. The perceived impact of family physicians on the district health system in South Africa: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0710-0
|