Abstract Introduction The effects of Coronavirus disease 2019 on spiritual care Spirituality for clinical settings Spirituality care and the family Spiritual care in the South African pandemic Acknowledgements References About the Author(s) Nicolette V. Roman Department of Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa Thuli G. Mthembu Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa Mujeeb Hoosen School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa Citation Roman NV, Mthembu TG, Hoosen M. Spiritual care – ‘A deeper immunity’ – A response to Covid-19 pandemic. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2020;12(1), a2456. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2456 Note: Special Collection: COVID-19.

Short Report Spiritual care – ‘A deeper immunity’ – A response to Covid-19 pandemic Nicolette V. Roman, Thuli G. Mthembu, Mujeeb Hoosen Received: 17 Apr. 2020; Accepted: 25 May 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 Copyright: © 2020. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented unprecedented health challenges across all strata in society throughout the world. The COVID experience has caused us to reflect on quality of life, health and well-being and, just as important, end of life. During this time, spiritual care forms a vital component of holistic health management, especially in terms of coping, coming to terms with illness, suffering and ultimately death. The relationship with the transcendent or sacred has a strong influence on a people’s beliefs, attitudes, emotions and behaviour. Populations, communities, families and individuals have always found solace through their religious or philosophical beliefs during times of personal adversity and widespread anxiety or disaster. Although spiritual care has always been a part of the domain of religious beliefs, a more contemporary perspective is that spiritual care forms part of the human psyche and thus forms part of human care, health and well-being for families, patients and healthcare workers. Spiritual care deals with the provision of compassion and empathy during periods of heightened stress, distress and anxiety within care. This article provides insights into the necessity of providing spiritual care as a means of coping and well-being for families, patients and healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: spiritual care; Covid-19; pandemic; well-being; coping. Introduction Spirituality is a foundation of all population groups since the beginning of recorded history. It plays an integral component of quality of life, health and well-being both in the general population and those affected by illnesses.1 The relationship with the transcendent or sacred has a strong influence on a people’s beliefs, attitudes, emotions and behaviour. Research has shown that families rely on their spirituality for emotional, mental and physical well-being.2 Spirituality practices have been recognised as a powerful coping mechanism for dealing with life-changing and traumatic events.1 During this global pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), does spiritual care contribute as a coping strategy for practitioners and families? The effects of Coronavirus disease 2019 on spiritual care Coronavirus disease is a serious public health problem that has been confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic because of its worldwide spread.3 The World Health Organization reports that 4 307 287 people have been tested positive for COVID-19 worldwide in 216 countries.3 Out of the confirmed cases, globally there have been 295 101 deaths related to COVID-19.3 In the South African context, the Department of Health reports that 403 018 tests were conducted, of which 12 739 people were found to be infected by COVID-19 and 5676 people managed to recover from the disease. The recent COVID-19 crisis has resulted in 238 deaths in South Africa.4 The effects of COVID-19 have had a major impact on people’s and front-line health workers’ activities, routines, livelihoods, mental health and well-being.3,5 Healthcare workers risk their lives to save people who have COVID-19 while promoting compassionate care. People who have COVID-19 tend to present with severe distress associated with the disease that affects different aspects of their wholeness, including physical, emotional, mental, social and spiritual components.6 This means that the healthcare workers need to create a supportive environment that could promote interdependence through a transformative approach of spiritual care.7 It further means that all patients and their families should be treated with dignity and be given the voice to express their concerns irrespective of gender, religion, culture, race, sexual orientation and disability.6,7 Spiritual care comprises activities that healthcare workers engage in to promote the quality of life and well-being of the clients.6,8 The activities that the healthcare workers and people who have COVID-19 engage in include compassionate presence, listening to patients’ fears, hopes and dreams, obtaining a spiritual history, being attentive to all spheres of patients’ lives and their families.8 However, in terms of COVID-19, some of the activities, such as the involvement of chaplains and spiritual practices, can be limited because of precautionary measures for infection control.9 Spirituality is significant in healthcare because it promotes coping strategies for stress, promotes recovery and resilience and prevents burnout. Spirituality for clinical settings Studies have reported that healthcare practitioners who provide spiritual care to their patients contribute significantly to improve their patients’ overall well-being.10,11 Spiritual care is regarded as a life-enhancing factor and a coping resource, which allows patients to deal with adversity in a better way. It may also increase their hopes for the future.12 Research reports significantly increased immune functions in response to spiritual care practices.1 The current restrictions imposed in South Africa amidst the lockdown prevent free movement and access to normal daily services. South Africans are restricted to the confines of their homes, which may increase levels of anxiety in the general population and even more so in those affected by illnesses. This may negatively affect the health and well-being of many South Africans. These restrictions impede the facilitation of spiritual care in clinical settings.13 Spiritual care is based on a bio-psycho-socio-spiritual integrative model that requires a specific set of skills such as active listening, spiritual assessment skills and the ability to refer patients to pastoral care, or other types of intervention services focused on spirituality. For this reason, under the current circumstances, healthcare professionals should be extra-sensitive to the spiritual needs of their patients and their own, as studies have reported that patients’ reliance on spirituality increases during life-changing events.6,8 However, this may be problematic as research indicates that whilst many health professionals agree that spiritual care is important for their patients, many are ill-equipped to deal with this aspect.14 Collaborative effort may be required to draw on the expertise of those practitioners of spiritual care to support the spiritual care needs of families.6 Spirituality care and the family The family as the cornerstone of society is a social determinant of health.15 For example, when families engage in health-risking behaviour, such as smoking, substance abuse, not exercising or not eating correctly, their behaviours could result in in non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, etc. Not only do they place themselves at risk but they also create a negative social atmosphere for their growing children. These patterns could then culminate in health challenges for the next generation. However, families also provide care and support – care of children, the sick and the elderly and support in times of challenges. The most challenging time requiring family support and support to families is during a chronic illness, when one is critically ill and during end of life.16 Research has shown that the spiritual care provider plays an important role when families are faced with challenging health risks and the prospect of palliative care.17 For example, when families are able to get in touch with a spiritual care provider, they offer a supportive role in the decision-making of a family member who is a patient; they have a sense of peace; they have the opportunity for bereavement and grief counselling and just being able to cope in a very difficult time.18,19 The access to spiritual care for the patient and the role of spiritual care for families are clear within the research, but in the case of a pandemic such as COVID-19, where the treatment for the disease becomes limited as more people become sick and the disease is life threatening, there could be challenges to provide this much-needed support. In light of the current global pandemic, examples of the responses of families and communities from countries having faced disasters are discussed.20 Spiritual care in the South African pandemic The rise in COVID-19 cases in South Africa has necessitated the need for more technologically driven healthcare solutions such as telemedicine. Telemedicine refers to the delivery of healthcare services using information and communication technologies, such as e-mail, telephonic calls, video links and social networks. Globally, many governments and healthcare systems have utilised telemedicine as a primary means of healthcare support during the COVID-19 outbreak. A rise in the number of remotely monitored patients has been reported for most countries.21 During this transition from the physical clinical setting to the virtual one, the importance of spiritual care should not be lost or forgotten because it forms part of the holistic approach to deal with the body–mind–spirit aspect of the population. Acknowledgements Competing interests The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Authors’ contributions All authors contributed equally to this work. Ethical consideration This article followed all ethical standards for a research without direct contact with human or animal subjects Funding information This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Data availability statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study. Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agency of the authors. References Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications (Review Article). ISRN. 2012;14(1):1–33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730 Phillips SB, Olson J, Brett-MacLean P, et al. Integrating spirituality as a key component of patient care. Religions. 2015;6:476–498. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6020476 World Health Organization. Coronavirus (Covid-19 pandemic) [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2020 May 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 COVID-19, SAcoronavirus.co.za and Department of Health Republic of South Africa. Covid-19 update (14 May 2020) [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2020 May 15]. Available from: https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/05/14/update-on-covid-19-14th-may-2020/ Suter PM. 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Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/practical-considerations-and-recommendations-for-religious-leaders-and-faith-based-communities-in-the-context-of-covid-19 Mthembu TG, Wegner L, Roman NV. Teaching spirituality and spiritual care in health sciences education: A systematic review. Afr J Phys Act Health Sci. 2016;22(4:1):1036–1057. McNeill T. Family as a social determinant of health: Implications for governments and institution to promote the health and well-being of families. Healthc Q. 2010;60–67. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcq.2010.21984 Johnson JR, Engelberg RA, Nielsen EL, et al. The association of spiritual care providers’ activities with family members’ satisfaction with care after a death in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(9):1991–2000. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000412 Wall RJ, Engelberg RA, Gries CJ, Glavan B, Curtis J. 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doi: 10.1080/10656219.2023.2283631

43. Chronic diseases and religiosity/spirituality during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
Érika Arantes de OLIVEIRA-CARDOSO, Iara da Silva FREITAS, Jorge Henrique Correa dos SANTOS, Wanderlei Abadio de OLIVEIRA, Juliana Tomé GARCIA, Manoel Antôio dos SANTOS
Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)  vol: 39  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1590/1982-0275202239e200230

44. The Effect of Spiritual Practice along with Routine Medical Care on the Recovery of Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19: a Randomized Clinical Trial
A. Jahangir, B. Mousavi, R. Mahdavi, M. Asgari, M. Karbakhsh
Iranian Journal of War and Public Health  vol: 12  issue: 4  first page: 213  year: 2020  
doi: 10.52547/ijwph.12.4.213

45. Development and Psychometric Properties of a Spiritual Needs Assessment Scale for Patients With COVID-19
Flora Rahimaghaee, Maryam Vizheh, Khadijeh Hatamipour
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services  vol: 60  issue: 4  first page: 47  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3928/02793695-20211014-01

46. Bereavement and Critical Incidents Involving Healthcare Professionals in Italy During COVID-19: The Importance of the Spiritual Dimension
Erika Iacona, Lia Zulianello, Silvia Piol, Germano Bettoncelli, Adriano Zamperini, Ines Testoni
Pastoral Psychology  vol: 73  issue: 2  first page: 215  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s11089-023-01094-8

47. Spiritual Support During COVID-19 in England: A Scoping Study of Online Sources
Irena Papadopoulos, Runa Lazzarino, Steve Wright, Poppy Ellis Logan, Christina Koulouglioti
Journal of Religion and Health  vol: 60  issue: 4  first page: 2209  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01254-1

48. An unexpected return to the nest. Young Polish people in tertiary education residing with their parents due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Paulina Peret-Drążewska, Lucyna Myszka-Strychalska
Family Upbringing  year: 2023  
doi: 10.61905/wwr/176098

49. Health, spirituality and Covid-19: Themes and insights
Fides A del Castillo
Journal of Public Health  vol: 43  issue: 2  first page: e254  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa185

50. Family Strength During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Tience D. Valentina, Firmanto A. Nurcahyo
Journal of Family Issues  vol: 44  issue: 8  first page: 2054  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1177/0192513X211068921

51. Earbuds, smartphones, and music. Spiritual care and existential changes in COVID-19 times
Runa Lazzarino, Irena Papadopoulos
Social Theory & Health  vol: 21  issue: 3  first page: 247  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1057/s41285-022-00192-6

52. An investigation into employee and organisational dynamics in a flexible work framework
Rentia Van Heerden, Visvanathan Naicker Visvanathan Naicker
EUREKA: Social and Humanities  issue: 2  first page: 3  year: 2024  
doi: 10.21303/2504-5571.2024.003307

53. Post COVID-19 Lockdown in Ghana: What is the Wellbeing Status of the Young Adults?
Afrifa Daniel, Asamoah Benjamin, Kwofie Emmanuel Amankrah, Asamoah-Mensah Anthony, Medes Francis Osei, Adedugbe Benjamin Oluwole, Moses Mojisola Kemi, Emikpe Abigael Omowumi, Moses Monday Omoniyi, Emikpe Benjamin Obukowho
Current Hypertension Reviews  vol: 19  issue: 1  first page: 52  year: 2023  
doi: 10.2174/1573402119666230106140607

54. Evaluation of experiences of the patients discharged from the COVID-19 intensive care unit: a qualitative research
Serap Torun, Esra Bulmuş, Osman Bilgin
Scientific Reports  vol: 13  issue: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46818-1

55. FAMILY CHALLENGES AND COPING MECHANISMS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA
Zainab Kader, Fatiema Benjamin, Donnay Manuel, Mulalo Mpilo , Simone Titus, Nicolette Roman
International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies  vol: 15  issue: 4  first page: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.18357/ijcyfs154202422216

56. Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinden Geçerken Sağlık Çalışanlarında Dini Başa Çıkma ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Yasemin ANGIN
Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi  vol: 25  issue: 1  first page: 331  year: 2021  
doi: 10.18505/cuid.884399

57. KOVİD-19 Küresel Salgını Sürecinde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Anlamlandırma ve Başa Çıkma Deneyimlerinde Dinin Rolü
Sema KARAGÖZ
Bilimname  issue: 47  first page: 575  year: 2022  
doi: 10.28949/bilimname.1066428

58. Experiences Related to Patients and Families’ Expression of Spiritual Needs or Spiritual Support Within Healthcare Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review
Michael Connolly, Fiona Timmins
Journal of Religion and Health  vol: 61  issue: 3  first page: 2141  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1007/s10943-022-01556-y

59. The Relationship Among Spirituality, Self-Efficacy, COVID-19 Anxiety, and Hopelessness During the COVID-19 Process in Turkey: A Path Analysis
Figen Kasapoğlu
Journal of Religion and Health  vol: 61  issue: 1  first page: 767  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01472-7

60. The servant of god as a proactive manager: A team service solution model for meeting COVID-19 challenges in Indonesia
Muner Daliman, Jonathan James
Cogent Arts & Humanities  vol: 10  issue: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/23311983.2023.2225885

61. A step today can be a giant leap tomorrow: COVID-19 management lesson from the developing world
Sudhir Bhandari, Mohnish Grover, Shruti Bhargava
Scripta Medica  vol: 52  issue: 3  first page: 224  year: 2021  
doi: 10.5937/scriptamed52-32911

62. The Relationship between the Perceptions of Nursing Students on Spirituality and Spiritual Care and Their Professional Values in the Process of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pınar BEKAR, Duygu ARIKAN
Turkish Journal of Science and Health  year: 2021  
doi: 10.51972/tfsd.969370

63. Influence of new coronavirus pandemic on behavior and awareness of young nurses and nursing students in Japan
Mitsuto Hasuike, Yoshiaki Hara, Hiroko-Miyuki Mori, Norio Ideguchi, Fumie Shirai, Yasuko Yoshimura, Ikumi Murakami, Hirohisa Kawahata, Motokuni Aoki, Toshio Ogihara
BMC Nursing  vol: 20  issue: 1  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1186/s12912-021-00724-x

64. Leisure Learning's Contribution: Effects on Torah and Other Enrichment Learners
Hana Gendel Guterman, Ora Elkan, Talma Kushnir, Nitza Davidovitch
World Leisure Journal  vol: 65  issue: 3  first page: 343  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/16078055.2023.2167230

65. Spiritual Health and COVID-Related Anxiety Among Adolescents with and Without Chronic Disease
Reihane Moghimian, Mohadese Babaie, Siamak Amiri, Mona Moharamkhani, Shadi Dalvand, Azam Shirinabadi Farahani
Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care  vol: 13  issue: 3  year: 2024  
doi: 10.5812/jjcdc-139448

66. Getting Real: The Maryland Healthcare Ethics Committee Network’s COVID-19 Working Group Debriefs Lessons Learned
Norton Elson, Howard Gwon, Diane E. Hoffmann, Adam M. Kelmenson, Ahmed Khan, Joanne F. Kraus, Casmir C. Onyegwara, Gail Povar, Fatima Sheikh, Anita J. Tarzian
HEC Forum  vol: 33  issue: 1-2  first page: 91  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1007/s10730-021-09442-y

67. Physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing of urban population during the COVID-19 lockdown phases: a cross-sectional study
Suchitra Kumari, Swayam Pragyan Parida, Dinesh Prasad Sahu, Puspanjali Jena
Indian Journal of Community Health  vol: 34  issue: 2  first page: 213  year: 2022  
doi: 10.47203/IJCH.2022.v34i02.014

68. The Role of Personal and Contextual Resources on the Relationship Between Soul at Work and Discerning Millennial Employees
Mukti Clarence, Lalatendu Kesari Jena
South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management  vol: 11  issue: 2  first page: 253  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1177/23220937221144364

69. Resilience Amidst Isolation and Connection: Exploring Psychological Well-Being of Covid-19 Survivors
Merasol O. Duyag, Mary Jazz Shine E. Daniel, Maria Angelica V. Dominguez, Sammy B. Taghoy, Sandy D. Ablaña
Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences  vol: 3  issue: 12  first page: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.55559/sjahss.v3i12.452

70. Changes in Spiritual Practices and Relational Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Heather H. Kelley, David C. Dollahite, Spencer James, Loren D. Marks
Marriage & Family Review  vol: 59  issue: 2  first page: 41  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/01494929.2021.2022563

71. Spirituality in Nursing and Health
Nasreen Lalani, Amity Chen
Holistic Nursing Practice  vol: 35  issue: 4  first page: 206  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000454

72. Relationship between religious coping and post-traumatic stress disorder and professional quality of life of nurses working at COVID-19 wards: a descriptive correlational study
Zohreh Sanavi Shiri, Pouran Tavakoli, Marzieh Momennasab
Frontiers in Public Health  vol: 13  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1535340

73. Together in Christ
Linda Roney, Samantha Merino, Rev. John P. Murray, Meredith Kazer
Journal of Christian Nursing  vol: 39  issue: 1  first page: E11  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000919

74. Spiritual Care: Motivations and Experiences through the Lenses and Voices of a Cohort of Spiritual Care Workers at an Established Hospice in Cape Town, South Africa
Ronita Mahilall, Leslie Swartz
Journal of Religion and Health  vol: 60  issue: 4  first page: 2906  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01232-7

75. Spiritual Care in Palliative Medicine and End of Life: A Bibliometric Network Analysis
Jacopo D’Andria Ursoleo, Cristiano Calì, Rosario Losiggio, Vito Limone, Elena Mucci, Fabrizio Monaco
Journal of Palliative Medicine  vol: 28  issue: 2  first page: 265  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1089/jpm.2024.0007

76. The model of solving ethical challenges with nursing based on faith in God: a new model for nurses to care during epidemics
Hamideh Azimi, Rafat Rezapour-Nasrabad, Fariba Borhani, Akram Sadat Sadat-Hoseini, Maryam Momeni
BMC Nursing  vol: 23  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1186/s12912-024-02207-1